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Subjunctive Mood (仮定法) - 完全ガイド

日本語にはない概念。「事実と違うこと」「願望」を表す時、動詞の形が変わる。

1. Wish + Past Simple — 現在の願望

今こうだったらいいのに（実際は違う）

Structure

Subject + wish/wishes + (that) + subject + past simple

Examples

  1. I wish I were taller. (もっと背が高ければいいのに)
  2. I wish I had more money. (もっとお金があればいいのに)
  3. She wishes she could speak French. (フランス語が話せたらいいのに)
  4. I wish I knew the answer. (答えを知っていたらいいのに)
  5. He wishes he didn't have to work tomorrow. (明日仕事がなければいいのに)
  6. I wish I lived closer to work. (職場の近くに住んでいたらいいのに)
  7. She wishes she weren't so shy. (こんなに内気じゃなければいいのに)
  8. I wish it weren't raining. (雨が降っていなければいいのに)
  9. We wish we could afford a bigger house. (もっと大きな家を買えたらいいのに)
  10. I wish I understood what he's saying. (彼の言っていることがわかればいいのに)

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2. Wish + Past Perfect — 過去の後悔

あの時こうだったらよかったのに（実際はしなかった/した）

Structure

Subject + wish/wishes + (that) + subject + had + past participle

Examples

  1. I wish I had studied harder. (もっと勉強すればよかった)
  2. She wishes she hadn't said that. (あんなこと言わなければよかった)
  3. I wish I had gone to the party. (パーティーに行けばよかった)
  4. He wishes he had saved more money. (もっと貯金しておけばよかった)
  5. I wish I had listened to your advice. (あなたの忠告を聞いておけばよかった)
  6. She wishes she hadn't quit her job. (仕事を辞めなければよかった)
  7. I wish I had met you earlier. (もっと早くあなたに出会いたかった)
  8. We wish we had booked earlier. (もっと早く予約すればよかった)
  9. He wishes he hadn't eaten so much. (あんなに食べなければよかった)
  10. I wish I had taken that opportunity. (あのチャンスを掴めばよかった)

3. Wish + Would — 不満・変えてほしいこと

〜してくれたらいいのに（他人の行動や状況への不満）

Structure

Subject + wish + (that) + subject + would + base verb

Examples

  1. I wish you would stop making noise. (うるさくするのをやめてほしい)
  2. I wish it would stop raining. (雨がやんでくれたらいいのに)
  3. She wishes he would call more often. (もっと頻繁に電話してくれたらいいのに)
  4. I wish they would hurry up. (急いでくれたらいいのに)
  5. I wish you would listen to me. (私の話を聞いてほしい)
  6. He wishes she would be more understanding. (もっと理解があればいいのに)
  7. I wish the neighbors would be quieter. (隣人がもっと静かだったらいいのに)
  8. I wish you wouldn't do that. (そんなことしないでほしい)

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4. If only — wish の強調版

wish と同じ構造だが、より感情的・劇的。

  1. If only I were rich! (お金持ちだったらなあ!)
  2. If only I had known! (知っていたらなあ!)
  3. If only she would understand! (わかってくれたらなあ!)
  4. If only I could turn back time! (時間を巻き戻せたらなあ!)
  5. If only we had met sooner! (もっと早く出会っていたら!)

5. It's time — もう〜すべき時だ

Structure

It's (high/about) time + subject + past simple

Examples

  1. It's time we left. (もう出発すべき時だ)
  2. It's high time you got a job. (そろそろ仕事を見つけるべきだ)
  3. It's about time she learned to drive. (そろそろ車の運転を覚えるべきだ)
  4. It's time the government did something about it. (政府が何かすべき時だ)
  5. It's about time you told the truth. (そろそろ本当のことを言うべきだ)
  6. It's high time we started saving money. (そろそろ貯金を始めるべきだ)

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6. Would rather — むしろ〜したい

Structure

Subject + would rather + (that) + subject + past simple (仮定法)

Same subject: would rather + base verb

  1. I'd rather stay home tonight. (今夜は家にいたい)
  2. I'd rather not go to the party. (パーティーには行きたくない)
  3. She'd rather work from home. (在宅勤務したい)

Different subject: would rather + past simple

  1. I'd rather you didn't tell anyone. (誰にも言わないでほしい)
  2. I'd rather she came with us. (彼女も一緒に来てほしい)
  3. He'd rather I didn't smoke in the house. (家の中でタバコを吸わないでほしいらしい)
  4. I'd rather you went by yourself. (一人で行ってほしい)
  5. She'd rather we met at the cafe. (カフェで会いたいそうだ)

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7. As if / As though — まるで〜のように

Present unreal: as if + past simple

  1. He talks as if he knew everything. (まるで全てを知っているかのように話す — 実際は知らない)
  2. She acts as if she were the boss. (まるで上司のように振る舞う)
  3. He looks as if he hadn't slept all night. (一晩中寝ていないように見える)
  4. It looks as if it were going to rain. (雨が降りそうに見える)
  5. She treats me as though I were a child. (まるで子供のように扱う)

Past unreal: as if + past perfect

  1. He looked as if he had seen a ghost. (幽霊を見たかのような顔をしていた)
  2. She talks about it as if she had been there. (まるでそこにいたかのように話す — 実際はいなかった)

8. Demand / Suggest / Insist — 要求・提案の仮定法

Structure (formal, especially American English)

Verb + that + subject + base verb (should なし、三単現のsもなし)

Verbs that take subjunctive

demand, suggest, recommend, propose, insist, request, require, ask, advise, urge

Examples

  1. I suggest that he be more careful. (彼はもっと注意すべきだと提案する)
  2. The doctor recommended that she take a week off. (医者は1週間休むよう勧めた)
  3. They demanded that the company pay compensation. (会社に賠償金を支払うよう要求した)
  4. He insisted that she come to the meeting. (彼女が会議に来るよう主張した)
  5. The law requires that every driver wear a seatbelt. (法律は全ドライバーにシートベルト着用を義務付けている)
  6. I propose that the plan be revised. (計画を修正することを提案する)
  7. She requested that the meeting be postponed. (会議の延期を要請した)
  8. It's important that he be on time. (彼が時間通りに来ることが重要だ)
  9. It's essential that every student have a textbook. (全ての学生が教科書を持つことが不可欠だ)
  10. It's vital that she not miss the deadline. (彼女が締め切りに遅れないことが不可欠だ)

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9. Formal / Literary Subjunctive

God save the Queen / Long live the King

Common Mistakes by Japanese Speakers

  1. ✗ I wish I can speak English. → ✓ I wish I could speak English.
  2. ✗ I wish I didn't go yesterday. → ✓ I wish I hadn't gone yesterday. (過去の後悔 → had + pp)
  3. ✗ It's time to you leave. → ✓ It's time you left.
  4. ✗ I suggest that he goes. → ✓ I suggest that he go.
  5. ✗ He acts as if he is the president. → ✓ He acts as if he were the president. (仮定法)
  6. ✗ I'd rather you don't smoke. → ✓ I'd rather you didn't smoke. (仮定法過去)

Practice Exercises

  1. I wish I ___ (can) play the piano. → could
  2. If only we ___ (arrive) earlier! → had arrived
  3. It's high time you ___ (learn) to cook. → learned
  4. She acts as if she ___ (own) the place. → owned
  5. The doctor recommended that he ___ (stop) smoking. → stop
  6. I'd rather you ___ (not tell) anyone about this. → didn't tell
  7. I wish it ___ (not rain) every day. → didn't rain / wouldn't rain
  8. He talks as though he ___ (be) an expert. → were
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